Water Pakistan

Water Hygenie and Sanitation Issues Of Pakistan

University turns into evacuation center, with creative solutions from students

ILIGAN CITY, Philippines — The biggest evacuation center here may be running like a well-oiled machine but the fuel driving it is the kindness of strangers, officials of the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) said.

Tending to the needs of more than 2,000 families, the MSU-IIT evacuation center for victims of Tropical Storm “Sendong”  began as a happy accident, springing from a single act of generosity that took on a life of its own.

It all started at about 7 a.m. on that fateful Saturday, December 17, merely hours after Sendong wreaked havoc across the city, when 100 bedraggled villagers, still dripping mud, some naked and shivering from the cold, knocked on the gates of the university and begged for a place to stay.

School officials, responding out of instinct, welcomed the sorry-looking lot, not realizing at the time that they were about to start something big.

“It’s the natural thing to do when you see people in distress,” Chancellor Sukarno D. Tanggol said, recalling the moment he received a call from his subordinates asking whether they should open the gates.

His instant reply, he said, was yes, unwittingly setting in motion the creation of what would become the largest evacuation center in this coastal city of 300,000 people.

“If they had come to us at the height of the storm, we would have opened the gates that very hour,” Tanggol said in an interview.

The 100 villagers were first housed in one of the school buildings.

They were allowed to wash themselves in the bathrooms. They were given clean clothes, fed hot porridge to tide them over, and provided blankets and beddings to rest their weary souls.

The school officials thought that was the end of it.

Soon, however, more victims, in varying states of misery, came knocking at the door, having heard by word of mouth that the university was accepting evacuees.

At first, they arrived in trickles, then in families and large groups, and sometimes, entire neighborhoods.

Among them was Maribel Lagrada, 40, a housewife from Puro 2-B in Barangay (village) Santiago, who recalled how she, her husband and four grown children had gone up to MSU-IIT to ask for shelter.

“I was almost naked. A barangay watchman gave me a shirt to cover myself up. My daughter who was 8 months pregnant was also naked. We were all still wet from the mud when we came,” she said, now appearing healthy, clean and well-fed.

Lagrada and her family members had been swept away at the height of Sendong by the swirling waters that surged out of the Mandulog River overlooking the settlement where they lived.

As they bobbed their heads over the violent water, her children and Lagrada could only call out to each other in the dark, she said.

“I heard them shout, ‘Bye-bye, Ma’,” she said. “We had no hope of living through that,” she said, tears welling up in her eyes.

Fortunately for the family, Lagrada said, all of them, including her two pregnant daughters, made it through the morning when the flood subsided.

In the chaos that followed and against a bleak landscape of demolished houses and uprooted trees, she said they soon realized they had nowhere to go.

“Our feet just took us here,” she recalled.

“We couldn’t turn them away,” said Ernesto Empig, dean of computer studies at MSU-IIT, who oversees day-to-day operations at the gymnasium that now houses over 10,000 residents of neighboring villages displaced by the great flood.

“We’re an academic institution. It was never our plan to put up an evacuation center. Everything was spontaneous. As more people came, we realized we had to do our part,” he said.

When the Philippine Daily Inquirer visited MSU-IIT, a large sprawling campus with about 12,000 students enrolled, on Wednesday, already 2,281 families were registered at the evacuation center, staying in the multi-purpose gymnasium. The number was expected to rise, Empig said.

The evacuees were clustered in informal groupings according to village. They put up plywood barriers between clusters on the floor of the gym as well as the bleachers on the side. There was a flurry of activity in the gym, with the residents sweeping the floors, washing clothes, eating or just lying around.

There’s a self-policing policy with a leader appointed for each cluster, and the occupants were expected to take care of their own, Empig said.

At first, people were asked to queue up for food, but later the student volunteers realized the wisdom of distributing food by cluster.

“It was a great idea. Now they don’t have to line up three times a day,” Empig said.

Breakfast is usually just coffee and bread or biscuits, while lunch and dinner consist of rice, vegetables and meat or fish, depending on what’s available.

“It’s nothing fancy. Our goal is to make sure no one goes hungry,” Empig said.

Donations come from all over, he said. “When people heard that we’re the biggest evacuation center, they just started sending goods – food, beddings, and so on.”

“One student from the boarding house came in with a plastic bag of sardine cans,” Empig said.

“It’s very touching to see the outpouring of support from all over Iligan,” he added, citing donations from local private companies, non-governmental organizations, and in many cases, individuals who only wished to help.

Soon, the Department of Health and the Department of Social Work and Development got in on the action, sending personnel and more supplies, after word got out about the thousands streaming into MSU-IIT.

Empig said the student volunteers were showing great initiative in the operation of the center. “A lot of the organizational matters I leave to them. They have many ideas about how to improve our operations,” he said.

Unlike most other places, where the smell of bodies in close quarters can be overpowering, there’s no foul smell in the gym, as the evacuees wash and relieve themselves in four toilets servicing the center.

Portable toilets were also recently pledged and were set to arrive soon.

“We started a contest among the clusters: the cleanest cluster gets a reward such as extra food,” Empig said. This, he added, was another idea courtesy of the students.

But Empig said challenges remained.

“What we really need is facilities to house them. Food comes aplenty. We have clothes coming in. There’s supply of water. But we can’t accommodate everyone in the gym,” he said.

He noted that some of the evacuees had resorted to sleeping on the grass lawns outside the gym, which should accommodate only 3,500 persons but where 10,000 people were now crammed.

Tanggol, the chancellor, said the MSU-IIT evacuation center would continue operating for as long as the residents had nowhere to stay.

But he urged the local government to start immediately what promises to be a massive relocation effort for the displaced villagers. The target, Tanggol said, was to find a new place for the evacuees before classes resume in January.

source; http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/116675/university-turns-into-evacuation-center-with-creative-solutions-from-students

, , ,
December 25, 2011 at 4:21 am Comments (0)

iodine deficiency control

Govt urged to enforce bill of iodine deficiency control

By  – Dec 2nd, 2011 (No Comment)

Islamabad: National Alliance on Protection and Promotion of Breastfeeding & Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control met today and demanded to immediately pass the bill of iodine deficiency control.

The alliance urged the government to initiate the legislative process on IDD control bill in parliament and take necessary actions to enforce Breastfeeding law 2002 in true spirit. There has been rampant violation of the breastfeeding law since it is implemented.

The National Alliance on Breastfeeding and Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) met to discuss and strategize campaign for enforcement of Protection of Breastfeeding law, 2009 and to advocate government for IDD control bill to be tabled before parliament to formally pass it.

The alliance members expressed their deep concerns over the enforcement of Breastfeeding law 2002 and the delay in enactment of IDD Control bill 2009 which is still pending with the Cabinet Division.

The IDD Control Bill 2009 has been vetted by all provincial assemblies and other stakeholders including relevant government departments. The bill is looking forward for a formal push to actuate it from Parliament.

The members of alliance called it an emergency situation for protection of breastfeeding and IDD control in Pakistan and urged to expedite the process of enactment of IDD legislation and stringent measures for enforcement of BF law.

The National Alliance on BF and IDD consists of over a dozen civil society organisations including UN agencies UNICEF, World Food Program (WFP) and APNA, NRSP, SANGI, Plan International Pakistan, and GAIN etc.  TheNetwork for Consumer Protection, having a history of two decades of efforts to protect and promote breastfeeding in Pakistan holds the secretariat of alliance.

It is not sufficient to mere enact and implement laws but need to ensure the enforcement in an ample manner, said Nadeem Iqbal, Executive Coordinator TheNetwork for Consumer Protection, the secretariat of national alliance.

 

Startling facts from TheNetwork’s recent study reveal the absence of iodized salt quality monitoring and checks on regular basis at market level. There are also gaps in the monitoring mechanisms and control marketing levels. There is need for an appropriate legislation and enforcement mechanisms in country.

On the other hand, a study on monitoring the implementation of BF ordinance in selected hospitals of twin cities by TheNetwork unveil that 87% doctors of Rawalpindi and Islamabad remain unaware of the existence of BF law 2002 and 81% are not aware that Infant formula container are legally required to label their designated products under law. The poor enforcement mechanisms dismay the situation and provide a room to violators.

Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem in Pakistan and is a threat to the social and economic development of the country. Every year in Pakistan, around 200,000 (two million) are born mentally deficient due to Iodine Deficiency during pregnancy. Pakistan is already lagging behind its progress towards achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2015. Country direly needs to prioritize the enforcement of BF law 2002 and accelerate the process to promulgate the IDD control bill in the best interest of future generations of Pakistan.

 

, , ,
December 4, 2011 at 3:28 pm Comments (0)

Technology Solutions to Global Water Challenges

THE WORLD BANK

Working for a World Free of Poverty

NEWS RELEASE

 

News Release

2012/121/SDN

‘WaterHackathon’ to Find Technology Solutions to Global Water Challenges

WASHINGTON, October 20, 2011 – Computer programmers, designers, and other information technology specialists convened by the World Bank Group and technology partners at NASA, Google, Hewlett Packard, Microsoft, and Yahoo! will compete for 48 hours in cities around the world this weekend to develop new application software, or apps, that solve water and sanitation challenges in developing countries.

 

 

 

Water is essential to sustain life and economic development, yet the number of people without access to clean water and sanitation remains daunting.

- 2.6 billion people lack access to sanitation

- Nearly one billion live without access to safe drinking water

Lack of safe water and adequate sanitation is the world s single largest cause of illness, responsible for two million deaths a year that s four people every minute most of them children. More children die of diarrhea than of AIDs, malaria, and TB combined.

The first ever global WaterHackathon follows the model set by Random Hacks of Kindness(RHoK), a partnership among these same organizations, in which subject matter experts and local stakeholders submit problem definitions which are then tackled by volunteer software developers who use the latest technology tools to create innovative solutions. The first RHoK event in November 2009 gave rise to applications such as I m Ok! and Tweak the Tweet, which were used in emergency response operations following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

The sustainable management of water resources has also acquired a new urgency in the face of a global population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, increased food demands, and increased hydrological variability caused by climate change.

- Irrigation produces around half of the world’s food and accounts for about three quarters of water withdrawals worldwide.

- Water scarcity will affect at least 30% of the world’s population in 2050.

- Climate change exacerbates flood and drought challenges as it makes water resources harder to manage, and increases risk and uncertainty.

WaterHackathon will take place simultaneously in nine locations, including, among others, Bangalore, Lagos, Lima, Nairobi, and Washington, DC.

The general public is invited to follow the event live on Twitter at #waterhack.

Water is at the heart of some of the world’s most pressing development challenges. At the intersection of technology and consumer-related data, we are seeing new opportunities to create and effectively use non-traditional solutions. Are we really taking full advantage of now-ubiquitous mobile phones, mobile internet access, and social media tools to transform inclusion, citizen participation, and transparency in water management and services? Are we using open data to full practical advantage? It is in search of such non-traditional solutions that the World Bank is launching the WaterHackathon,” said Jose Luis Irigoyen, World Bank Director for Transport, Water, and Information and Communication Technologies.

“WaterHackathon represents a natural intersection of two focus areas of NASA’s Open Government Initiative – open data and open source,” said Nicholas Skytland, Program Manager of NASA’s Open Government Initiative. “This collaborative project enables us to provide data resources to the water sector and the developer community as they create applications that address some of the world’s most urgent water crises.”

HP is committed to applying our technology, expertise, and dedicated volunteers to support and contribute to the prosperity of people and communities around the world,” said Marlon Evans, Office of Global Social Innovation, Hewlett-Packard Company. ”We are proud to partner with the World Bank and Random Hacks of Kindness in their efforts to solve today s water problems.”

Microsoft is delighted to see the growth and continuation of the Random Hacks of Kindness model,” said Patrick Svenburg, Director of Developer & Platform Evangelism at Microsoft. “The chance to bring together subject matter experts around water and sanitation with software developers from all around the world is a unique opportunity to create open solutions that will directly affect the quality of life of people, perhaps even safe lives.”

“We are very excited to see the Water Hackathon taking off as one of the first Random Hacks of Kindness Community Events,” said Christiaan Adams, a Developer Advocate with Google.org’s Crisis Response Team.

 

 

 

Among the speakers at WaterHackathon is Jeff Martin, founder and CEO of Tribal Brands and Tribal Technologies, which created the first intelligent database behind mobile applications that predicts consumer behaviors and interactions. “Today, far more of the world’s population has access to a cell signal than safe drinking water,” he said. “What we need now is a marriage of digital convergence to solve this problem – where mobile phones and apps help bridge this incomprehensible gap in a way desktop computers never did.”

Contacts:

In Washington: Karolina Ordon, +1 (202) 458-5971kordon@worldbank.org

Christopher Walsh, (202) 473-4594cwalsh@worldbank.org;

For Broadcast Requests: Natalia Cieslik, (202) 458-9369ncieslik@worldbank.org

For more information, please visit: www.WaterHackathon.org

Visit us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/worldbank

Be updated via Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/wspworldbank

For our YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/watersanitation

 

 

 

 

 

, ,
October 20, 2011 at 7:18 pm Comments (0)

South Korea to help Pakistan, set up water quality institut

Development: South Korea to help set up water quality institute

Published: August 24, 2011

The institute will help formulate viable and environmentally sustainable solutions.

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) is setting up a water quality institute in collaboration with Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) at Islamabad, said a press release issued by the council here on Tuesday.

A record of discussions was signed between PCRWR and KOICA on Tuesday, under which KOICA will provide a grant of $3 million for the establishment of the institute, construction of which would also be carried out by KOICA.

The campus of the institute will be constructed within the premises of PCRWR and its objective will be capacity building of the water supply agencies, public health engineering departments, and local governments, which at present are not duly trained to address the water quality issues related to chemical, biological and physical contamination causing serious hazards to human life.

It will be a premier institute of the country and will offer certificate and diploma courses in Water Quality Management, the press release said.

The institute will provide trained manpower for induction into water supply agencies to ensure supply of safe drinking water.

The institute will work with the government, industry, NGOs and individuals to formulate viable and environmentally sustainable solutions through knowledge-sharing and disseminating best practices.

That will highlight the crucial role played by safe drinking water in the achievement of economic and environmental goals through academic productivity, professional leadership and consulting environment, which is in line with the government policy to
develop knowledge-based economy.

The signing ceremony was attended by Mir Changez Khan Jamali, Federal Minister for Science and Technology, Akhlaq Ahmad Tarar, Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology, Dr Muhammad Aslam Tahir, Chairman, PCRWR and Jeon Jun Ho, resident representative of KOICA.

Published in The Express Tribune, August 24th, 2011.

 

,
August 26, 2011 at 3:44 pm Comments (0)

drinking water treatment by UV Light, are we increasing the problem.

IN Pakistan we are using UV LAMPS for drinking water

treatment, thinking exposure to uv light kills bacteria, virus .

some who know a little more think that rather than killing it

stalls the further multiplication, so for so good. today i came across this

mutation effect that scares me to think . rather than making our wter safe we may be adding several types of mutated bacteria and virus to our system . these microorganisms are of unknown nature  may be more dangerous than the ones we are trying to get rid of and much more resistant to what  we know of controlling them.

‘Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some time during a person’s life. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next generation.’

hope microbiologists and molecular/ biological engineers can help me get rid of this negative thinking

, , ,
July 19, 2011 at 11:58 pm Comments (2)

UN Secretary-General launches the “Sustainable Sanitation: Five-Year Drive to 2015

UNITED NATIONS, 21 June 2011 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, along with UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake, Ugandan Minister of Water & Environment the Hon. Maria Mutagamba, and His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange, today launched the Sustainable Sanitation: Five-Year Drive to 2015 , a push to speed up progress on the Millennium Development Goal target of improving global sanitation by 2015.

The launch took place at United Nations Headquarters in New York, with members of the Secretary-General s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation and other dignitaries in attendance.

The Millennium Development Goals include a target of halving, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to basic sanitation. With 2.6 billion people half of the population in developing regions still without access to improved sanitation, the target is lagging far behind, and without urgent and concerted action globally it will be out of reach.

On 20 December 2010 the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution calling upon the UN Member States to “redouble efforts to close the sanitation gap”. The resolution established a global push, “Sustainable Sanitation: The Five-Year-Drive to 2015″, to focus attention on the Goal and to mobilize political will, as well as financial and technical resources. The resolution also made history by calling for an end to open defecation, the most dangerous sanitation practice for public health.

Over 1.1 billion people have no sanitation facilities at all, and practise open defecation. According to UNICEF, inadequate and dirty water, poor sanitation, and improper hygiene are the main causes of diarrhoea, which each year kills at least 1.2 million children under five. The organization says diarrhoeal diseases are mainly excreta-related; therefore it is crucial to protect people from contact with feces. Improvements in sanitation can lead to an almost 40% reduction in illnesses caused by diarrhoea.

Achievement of the sanitation goal, UNICEF says, will have far-reaching and lasting effects on the health and well-being of millions of people.

About UNICEF
UNICEF is on the ground in over 150 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. The world s largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, UNICEF supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS. UNICEF is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments. For more information about UNICEF and its work visit: www.unicef.org

About UNSGAB
The United Nations Secretary-General s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation is an independent body established in March 2004 by the UN Secretary-General to give him advice as well as to galvanize action on water and sanitation issues. Chaired by His Royal Highness the Prince of the Netherlands, the Board is composed of a wide range of dignitaries, technical experts, and individuals with proven experience in providing inspiration, moving the machinery of government, as well as working with the media, the private sector and civil society. See: http://www.unsgab.org/

About the Water and Sanitation Program
The Water and Sanitation Program (www.wsp.org) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.

For further information, please contact:
Leanne Burney, UN Secretary-General s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation
Tel: 212 963 5003,
burneyl@un.org

Rita Ann Wallace, UNICEF Media
Tel: 212 326 7586,
rwallace@unicef.org

Martina Donlon, UN Department of Public Information
Tel: 212 963 6816,
donlon@un.org

Christopher Walsh, WSP
Tel: 202 473 4594,
cwalsh@worldbank.org

 

source  https://mail.google.com/mail/?shva=1#inbox/130b3866d3605b38

 

June 21, 2011 at 9:07 pm Comments (0)

Press release on the joint CSO declaration for sacosan IV -Colombo

MAKE THIS CONFERENCE COUNT:

GRASSROOTS ACTIVISTS URGE GOVERNMENTS TO MAKE GOOD ON THEIR COMMITMENTS

As the fourth South Asian Conference on Sanitation (SACOSAN IV, 4-7 April 2011) kicks off in Colombo, Sri Lanka, leading civil society groups present a unified call to their governments to take concrete steps to address the life threatening state of sanitation and hygiene affecting the nearly one billion most marginalised and voiceless people in the region.

Civil society representatives and community leaders will formally present a joint statement, reflecting the views of thousands of people living with the reality of unsafe sanitation, to leaders and experts calling for them to deliver on commitments made in Delhi in 2008. In addition, they call for:

  • the inclusion of the right to sanitation and water in legislation
  • the design and delivery of context-specific, equitable and inclusive sanitation and hygiene programmes with better identification of the poorest and most marginalised groups, and transparent targeting of financing
  • the development of strong accountability mechanisms that include everyone from community level to national governments

In turn, civil society groups commit to leading with integrity, inspiring through example and transforming through meaningful partnership their collective vision of sanitation and hygiene for all into reality.

“Despite our collective efforts, since the last SACOSAN 750,000 children under-five have died of diarrhea caused by poor sanitation and water in South Asia,” the statement reads.

“We are striving to bring an end to these preventable deaths and this huge suffering so we call on our governments to take urgent action.”

“We have consulted widely with our communities so our statement reflects thousands of voices” explains Ramisetty Murali, Convenor of FAN South Asia (FANSA) co-organiser, with WaterAid and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), of a preparatory meeting, where over 100 civil society members and activists came together to explore key issues blocking progress on sanitation and to agree the statement.

“We have worked hard over the years to secure space in the official conference and, for the first time, community leaders have the opportunity to present the statement in their own plenary session, where key decision makers will also benefit from hearing the real life experience from those people working on the ground.”

“We would like to see our recommendations taken seriously and reflected in the final declaration as well as in national policies going forward” said Mustafa Talpur, WaterAid’s Regional Advocacy and Policy Advisor for South Asia

“If the leaders of South Asia are serious about tackling child mortality, and stopping millions of needless deaths, they must follow their consciences and deliver on the promises they have made.”

Early findings from a South Asian People’s Perspective on Sanitation study will be launched at the conference. Based on a series of interviews and discussions with a cross-section of poor and marginalised people in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, it highlights the real situation people are facing every day thanks to the shocking state of sanitation and offering solutions for the way forward.

The coalition also employed an innovative Traffic Light discussion paper, produced by WaterAid, to highlight the gap between government commitments on sanitation and action taken for each country.

At current rates of progress, the 2015 MDG target for sanitation will not be met in South Asia. `”As South Asia races to meet the MDGs, we will need to focus disproportionately on the marginalised and vulnerable in order to ensure that they are not left out “, emphasizes Archana Patkar, Programme Manager, WSSCC.   This failure comes at an enormous social and economic cost. In India alone inadequate sanitation costs the economy US $53.8 billion annually in lost productivity, healthcare provisions and other losses.

Notes to editors:
For all media enquiries, please contact Ceridwen Johnson (FAN) +94 776 120 203 or Archana Patkar (WSSCC) +91 982 123 3355

Grassroots Voices: Tuesday 5th April 11.35 – 1.00pm
Reaching the Unserved: Tuesday 5th April 2.15 – 3.40pm
Strengthening Monitoring and Accountability: 6th April 9.15 – 10.40am

Copies of the Declaration of the Pre-SACOSAN IV Consultation Meeting of CSOs, Traffic Lights discussion paper and South Asian People’s Perspective on Sanitation executive summary are available online www.freshwateraction.net/sacosaniv. The full South Asian People’s Perspective on Sanitation report is due to be published next month.

Commitments between SACOSAN meetings are tracked at www.washwatch.org
For the latest news from SACOSAN, please visit: www.freshwateraction.net/sacosaniv

FAN South Asia (FANSA) is a regional network of small and medium sized civil society organisations. FANSA aims to strengthen the engagement of CSOs in policy-making and development initiatives to achieve the international targets on water and sanitation, improve regional cooperation between CSOs of differing perspectives, priorities and skills to increase the number of NGOs to advocate and communicate clearly on water policy issues and the broader agenda.  www.fasasia.net

WaterAid’s vision is of a world where everyone has access to safe water and sanitation.  The international organisation works in 26 countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific region to transform lives by improving access to safe water, hygiene and sanitation in some of the world’s poorest communities.  Over the past 30 years, WaterAid has reached 14.38 million people with safe water and, since 2004, 9.4 million people with sanitation. www.wateraid.org

The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), is an international organization that works to improve access to sustainable sanitation, hygiene and water for all people.  It does so by enhancing collaboration among sector agencies and professionals who are working to provide sanitation to the 2.6 billion people without a clean, safe toilet, and the 884 million people without affordable, clean drinking water close at hand.  WSSCC is part of the UN system and contributes to development through knowledge management, advocacy, communications, and the implementation of a sanitation financing facility.  WSSCC supports coalitions in more than 30 countries, and has a broad membership base and a small Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland.

Source .   http://www.freshwateraction.net/sacosaniv

, ,
April 4, 2011 at 9:03 am Comments (0)

Improved water and sanitation, definition for MDGs

Definition

Access to improved water source is the percentage of population with access to an improved drinking water source in a given year.

Access to improved sanitation is the percentage of population with access to improved sanitation in a given year.

Associated terms

Improved drinking water sources are defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of services that are more likely to provide safe water than unimproved technologies. Improved water sources include household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collections. Unimproved water sources are unprotected wells, unprotected springs, vendor-provided water, bottled water (unless water for other uses is available from an improved source) and tanker truck-provided water.

Reasonable access is broadly defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within one kilometer of the user’s dwelling.

Sustainable access has two components with respect to water: one stands for environmental sustainability, the other for functional sustainability. The former insists on environmental protection through limiting extraction of water to a capacity below what is actually available. The latter reflects programme sustainability in terms of supply and management.

Improved sanitation facilities facilities are defined in terms of the types of technology and levels of services that are more likely to be sanitary than unimproved technologies. Improved sanitation includes connection to a public sewers, connection to septic systems, pour-flush latrines, simple pit latrines and ventilated improved pit latrines. Not considered as improved sanitation are service or bucket latrines (where excreta is manually removed), public latrines and open latrines.

source  http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/compendium/2008/2wst/en/

,
April 2, 2011 at 1:46 pm Comments (0)

COMPARISON OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

COMPARISON OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

By

Hira Waheed

(07-arid-1088)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

in

Environmental Sciences

Department of Environmental Sciences

Faculty of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife

Pir Mehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,

Pakistan

2009

ABSTRACT

Water is a basic necessity and is required to run all industrial, domestic and agricultural activities. With an increase in its consumption rate, quantity of wastewater generated on daily basis has also increased. Wastewater handling and it’s conversion into useable form by an effective treatment has become a major challenge of recent era and it needs to be treated because it contains toxic and persistent chemicals and can be a threat to environment if remain untreated. Biological treatment is an environmental friendly technique with its low operational and capital cost. It includes aerobic and anaerobic processes both of which have low energy consumption and low sludge production, thus making biological treatment most suitable. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on activated sludge process (ASP) and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process. Experimental condition i.e. HRT was varied and the effluents were evaluated in terms of pH, color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and alkalinity. Reactors in continuous flow mode were operated to treat the wastewater. In the treatment varying concentration of HRT was used in different combinations i. e. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours for aerobic process and 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours for anaerobic process. In ASP, maximum color and COD removal efficiencies of 69 and 60 percent were achieved at HRT of 8 h in case of domestic wastewater treatment.  However, in combined wastewater treatment, optimum color and COD reduction approached 72 and 66 percent at HRT of 24 h in case of UASB process. The results have demonstrated that the color was mainly removed under anaerobic conditions while COD was reduced under aerobic conditions.

SUMMARY

The recent developments in industrial, agricultural and commercial sectors are important causes of high water consumption resulting in large quantity of used water being produced and rejected. In developing countries, where access of safe drinking water is not guaranteed for a majority of the population, it is of great importance to maintain the quality of surface water sources. So there is an urgent need to develop technologies to treat huge volumes of wastewater in shortest possible time frame. Biological treatments like activated sludge process (ASP) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) are widely used in wastewater treatment plants to reduce effluents levels in contaminated wastewater originating from both the municipal and industrial sectors.

Wastewater used for this study was obtained from domestic, industrial and combined wastewater stream drain from I-9 Islamabad. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on different types of wastewater by applying ASP and UASB process. ASP occurred in two units. An aerated biological reactor, in which microbial activity was used to degrade pollutants, and a settling unit, in which activated sludge settled at the bottom of the unit. While, UASB consisted of an upflow of wastewater through a dense sludge bed with high microbial activity. Experimental condition i.e. HRT was varied and the effluents were evaluated in terms of pH, color, COD, TDS, TSS and alkalinity.

Following conclusions were drawn from the study:

  • In case of ASP, at retention time of 6 h, 57, 62 and 35 percent of total COD removal was obtained for domestic, combined and industrial wastewater respectively.
  • For domestic, combined and industrial wastewater, UASB rector achieved 52, 53 and 10 percent COD removal at retention time of 12 h.
  • Comparatively, aerobic treatment efficiently removed COD value within very short period of time than anaerobic process.
  • Color was mainly removed under anaerobic conditions while COD was reduced under aerobic conditions.

Based on these results, it is recommended that

  • For the treatment of a combined industrial and domestic wastewater, use an integrated system consisting of a UASB reactor followed by the ASP to produce a good effluent quality.
  • An extensive study is suggested to assess the effect of the process conditions such as temperature, sludge granulation, sludge height, organic loading rate (OLR) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) on the removal efficiencies of UASB reactor.
  • Further more; the biogas generated during anaerobic process adds attraction as it can be used as fuel.

,
March 2, 2011 at 8:03 pm Comments (3)

Drinking water Lahore

The citizens can now file a complaint with the City District Government Lahore (CDGL) if their drinking water supply is contaminated, Protection Department’s Deputy Director Younus Zahid said on Friday.

The Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday issued a notification specifying minimal water quality standards.

The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) can now start enforcing the laws strictly, he said.

Complaints can be filed with the EPD, city district government office, even with the area police. According to Zahid, those responsible will be taken before environment courts and tribunals.

An official of the City District Government Lahore (CDGL) said that it was the first time the department had been issued a set of standards for water.

Several CDGL officials said water quality in the city had become atrocious over the years due to disposal of sewerage and industrial waste into the city’s water supply.

The lack of enforcement regarding the dumping of waste in clean water was destroying ground water table.

Nadeem Iqbal of the World, a non-governmental organisation, said that due to the mixing of sewerage and drinking water in municipal supply lines were on the rise.

Muhammed Jahangir, a water expert, told The Express Tribune that the government of Pakistan had done the necessary legislation. He said it was now just a matter of implementation of the law.

Jehangir explained that the Clean Water Act passed during the previous government required a water sanitation plant in each union council of the country.  “To my knowledge, some 500 to 600 water sanitation plants in all were installed, whereas according to the plan, the union councils were supposed to get a water sanitation plant each” he said.

He also said that under the Punjab Local Government Act, the TMAs had been given the responsibility to ensure water quality in the rural areas, and WASA in the city.

Gulberg TMO Abdul Sattar Ghaffar said that regulation of water quality had never been assigned to them. He said that it was solely the responsibility of the Food Department.

Chief food inspector Chaudhry Ayub clarified that Food Department only regulated the water that was sold in the market. For the municipal water supply, Wasa was to be held accountable.

A senior Wasa official said that several schemes were being developed but the problem was so widespread that it would require a long time. The water quality, he added, was being regularly monitored to set this right.

A Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRW) document stated that from 2002 to 2006, the microbiological pollution of Lahore was seen at 43 per cent in 2002, 37 per cent in 2003, 43 per cent in 2004, 63 per cent in 2005 and 50 per cent in 2006.

The organisation was banned from publicly posting the water quality statistics, its officials claimed.

A high-level official at the PCRW said that organisation had been updating the declining water standards but objections had been raised against its works by organisations like Wasa. He said that a survey of 3,200 water supply schemes had revealed that 35 per cent of the schemes were currently non-operational.

Published in The Express Tribune, February 5th, 2011.

,
February 14, 2011 at 3:57 pm Comments (0)

« Older Posts